Demand on your CARE: Strategies and Actions for Optimizing Intrinsic Capacity
Widespread implementation of the Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) framework in the community is crucial for promoting healthy ageing. This course focuses on the strategies and actions for optimizing intrinsic capacity among older adults. Taking this course will help you understand the ICOPE implementation framework suggested by World Health Organization (WHO), the role of digital health in ICOPE, supporting healthy ageing through social prescribing and the concept of co-creation with older adults.
Chapter 1
Chapter 1 - Implementation of Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) Approach
Before starting this course, let's take a look at Granny Lee's story.
Granny Lee's Story The Importance of Integrated Care for Older People ICOPE
Granny Lee's story is a very typical case in Hong Kong. This story highlights the importance of adopting the ICOPE framework to shift focus from solely treating medical conditions to addressing functional decline in older adults. Early identification, coordinated care, and connection to community resources can help older adults age safely and comfortably at home, reducing reliance on elderly homes.
In response to rapid population ageing, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced below key publications on health ageing:
ICOPE Implementation Framework: Guidance for Systems and Services Provided insight into implementing ICOPE effectively at the systems and service levels.
(It will be discussed in this Chapter.)
ICOPE Implementation Framework
The ICOPE implementation framework (Figure 1) has two parts: service managers and system managers. It may be used to:
Identify older people in the community in need of health and social care.
Assess the capacity of services or systems to deliver integrated care at the community level using the ICOPE approach.
Initiate an ICOPE implementation plan according to capacity.
Figure 1. Steps for creating integrated services for older people.
Image source from ICOPE Implementation Framework: Guidance for Systems and Services.
The table below provides a comparison between Services (meso level) and Systems (macro level) actions under the ICOPE approach.
Level
Service Actions (Figure 2)
Focus
Target Audience
Services (Meso Level)
1-9*
Support the implementation of the ICOPE approach in health and social care services.
Provide personalized, community-based care to enable older adults to remain independent at home.
Focus on integrating health and social care services, e.g. elderly centers, transportation, meal deliveries, visiting nurses, and day care.
Service and programme managers (e.g. district health coordinators)
Systems (Macro Level)
10-19*
Support the implementation of the ICOPE approach in health and long-term care systems.
Strengthen collaboration across sectors to ensure sustainable care.
Develop policies and frameworks for sustainable, large-scale healthy ageing interventions.
Focus on actions such as financing mechanisms, workforce training, and policy alignment.
System managers (e.g., policymakers, national-level health system managers)
*The name of each service action (1-19) will be shown in the ICOPE implementation scorecard in the next section.
Figure 2. ICOPE implementation framework
Image source from ICOPE Implementation Framework: Guidance for Systems and Services.
ICOPE implementation Scorecard
This scorecard summarizes the level of implementation achieved in ICOPE across services and systems. Follow the ICOPE implementation framework for a full description and guidance on each action needed, and to see the levels of implementation that attract each weighted score. Completed scorecards can be used not only to gauge the present capacity to implement ICOPE, but also to monitor ongoing delivery as scores improve.
Image source from ICOPE Implementation Framework: Guidance for Systems and Services.
Discussion: Is Hong Kong ready for implementing the ICOPE approach?
What do you think is the biggest challenge in implementing ICOPE in Hong Kong?
Potential Challenges:
Lack of resources: Are there sufficient funding, workforce, and infrastructure to support integrated care?
Limited awareness: Do policymakers, care providers, and the public understand the importance and benefits of ICOPE?
Coordination between sectors: Can health, social, and community services collaborate effectively to deliver seamless care?
Others: Are there additional barriers unique to Hong Kong's context?
Now, let's explore insights from local policymakers, managers, and care providers in the study below to see how they perceive Hong Kong's readiness and challenges in adopting ICOPE.
Local Study on ICOPE Implementation (Yu et al., 2023)
A local study evaluated the capacity of social care providers in delivering integrated care based on the WHO ICOPE implementation framework. It examined their perceived roles and responsibilities in promoting healthy ageing and identified barriers and facilitators to ICOPE implementation from the perspectives of policymakers, managers, and care providers across health and social service sectors. The study used the implementation scorecard and conducted focus group interviews. Key findings and implications for policy and practice are as follows:
Capacity of Social Care Providers in Delivering Integrated Care
The scorecard survey revealed that implementation readiness is "initiating", with higher readiness at the service level than at the system level.
Services (meso level):
Some service actions, like engaging the community and identifying older people in need of care, are already underway in some community centers.
However, actions related to community-based care infrastructure are still in the early stages.
Systems (macro level):
Service actions on policy frameworks, elder abuse protection, and financing mechanisms are the least implemented, highlighting gaps and the need for investment in infrastructure and strategy.
Perceived Roles and Responsibilities of Social Care Providers in Delivering Integrated Care
Social care providers envision their role as integral to the primary care system, moving beyond traditional social care to align with the ICOPE framework. Through focus group interviews, they identified three primary responsibilities:
Services (meso level):
Provision of appropriate health education and promotion activities.
Provision of health services for preventive health intervention.
Acting as a bridge between different sectors to enable the seamless care services.
Barriers and Facilitators to ICOPE Implementation
Qualitative findings reveal that various contextual factors influence ICOPE implementation.
Barriers:
Limited health promotion competencies: Social care providers were unprepared for needs assessments, and to plan the appropriate health promotion interventions due to limited knowledge of older people's care and skills for health promotion practice.
Lack of coordinated services: Difficulties in making appropriate referrals between health and social care services hinder seamless care for older people.
Financial constraints: Insufficient financial incentives limit organizations' ability to organize effective health promotion activities.
Facilitators:
Workforce capacity-building: Capacity-building programmes under the Jockey Club Community eHealth Care Project enabled them to perform needs assessment for older people (it will be further illustrated in Chapter 2).
Coordinated care and partnerships: Establishing a referral system within and between health and social care providers would improve care sustainability and older people's experience.
Financing mechanisms: A structured financing and flexible funding mechanism for resource allocation may help redirect funding for health promotion.
Implications for Policy and Practice
To meet the needs of older people, integrated health and social care systems are essential. However, current systems often operate separately, creating barriers to ICOPE implementation. Challenges include siloed operations, differing financial incentives, and unaligned performance metrics.
A multipronged approach is recommended:
Align Perspectives: Foster shared understanding among providers about healthy ageing and the ICOPE approach.
Workforce Training: Strengthen competencies for health promotion, screening, and age-friendly digital tool use (it will be further illustrated in Chapter 2), while encouraging collaboration between health and social care sectors, shifting landscape of eldercare.
Streamline Referrals: Develop referral pathways using tools like the WHO ICOPE screening tool (Details of the screening tools can be found in MOOC 16) to identify needs early and connect care services. Identify priority conditions associated with the decline in intrinsic capacity among older people in advance, and provide follow-up health services, including in-depth assessments, personalized care planning, and referrals in the health sector (e.g., District Health Centres).
Facilitate Collaboration: Establish multidisciplinary teams and regulatory frameworks to coordinate roles and interactions between health and social care providers.
Share Resources: Promote shared use of infrastructure, such as community spaces and telecommunication tools, to enable the implementation of various health activities. Telecommunication tools (e.g. Electronic Health Record Sharing System 醫健通) are essential to enabling authorized and trained care providers to access and share older people's records on health and social needs for care purposes.
Integrated Financing: Introduce pooled budgets across health and social sectors to encourage interagency collaboration and support coordinated care.
Now that you have an understanding of the potential challenges in implementing ICOPE in Hong Kong, let's move on to Chapter 2, where we will explore successful projects that have supported healthy ageing in the community.
Yu, R., Leung, G., Lai, D., et al. (2023). Assessing the readiness for implementing the World Health Organization's ICOPE approach in Hong Kong: Perspectives from social care and policy stakeholders. Journal of Frailty & Aging, 12(2), 126–133.
https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2023.3
- End of Chapter 1 -
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 - Improving intrinsic capacity through Community-level interventions
Community-level interventions play a vital role in addressing the physical, mental, and social challenges associated with ageing. This chapter explores how community-based initiatives, combined with digital and mobile health technologies, can align with WHO's ICOPE framework to empower older adults and promote healthy ageing.
Overview of Community-Level Interventions
Community interventions are programmes designed to address key health and functional issues faced by older adults in a holistic manner. They often involve local organizations, healthcare providers, and volunteers working together to meet the diverse needs of older populations.
Examples:
Physical Activity:
Multimodal exercise to improve mobility, musculoskeletal function, and reduce risk of falls.
Nutrition Support:
Community kitchens that provide healthy meals at low cost.
Home delivery of meals for housebound older adults.
Screening programmes for malnutrition, followed by nutritional counselling.
Social Engagement:
Intergenerational programmes where youth volunteer to assist older adults with technology or daily tasks.
Local centres offering recreational activities like gardening, arts, or group excursions.
Access to Health Monitoring:
Regular health checkups and workshops to educate older adults on recognizing early symptoms of chronic conditions and empower them on self-health management.
The Role of Digital Health in ICOPE
Digital Health Transforming Ageing Care
Older adults rapidly adopted technology for healthcare, known as digital health, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Digital health tools, such as eHealth platforms, telehealth, smartphone apps, mobile and wearable devices, are transforming the landscape of ageing care by enhancing accessibility, efficiency, and personalization.
They empower older adults to engage in preventive measures and manage their health conditions proactively.
Case study: Jockey Club Community eHealth Care Project
The Jockey Club Community eHealth Care Project, launched by the CUHK Jockey Club Institute of Ageing, is an exemplary initiative that integrates digital health technologies with community care to support older people. This innovative, city-wide project promotes preventive healthcare, empowers older adults in self-management, and fosters healthy lifestyles through accessible and equitable digital health solutions.
Project Objectives
To apply eHealth and digital health solutions to empower older people to build self-health management habits.
To promote elderly centres as the first point of contact for detecting and addressing the health and social needs of the elderly for healthy ageing.
To pilot eHealth and digital health technology to improve quality of life for the elderly through innovative approach, and to collect, aggregate and analyse the health characteristics and patterns of the elderly through data analytics.
Key Features of the Project
Community Needs Assessment & Health Promotion
ICOPE-Based Assessments: Community elderly centres identify older adults in need of care by conducting assessments based on the ICOPE framework.
Healthy Ageing Programmes: Health interventions, such as the Multi-Component Intervention Programme, are designed to enhance intrinsic capacity and prevent frailty.
Centralized Platform: A digital platform enables healthcare providers to access and analyse health records, ensuring better care coordination.
Social Prescribing: Older adults are linked to non-medical community resources, including exercise classes, art workshops, and caregiver support networks. (Concept of social prescribing will be further elaborated in the next part.)
Community Capacity Building
Empower Social Care Providers: Training programs equip social care providers with the skills to conduct needs assessments and deliver health promotion activities.
Impact of the Project
Since its launch, the Project has:
Supported over 20,000 of older adults in identifying and managing health risks.
Fostered collaboration between community organizations and healthcare providers, leading to better-integrated care systems.
Demonstrated significant improvements in both the physical and emotional well-being of participants, as evidenced by evaluation data.
To explore more about the Jockey Club Community eHealth Care Project and its publications, click here.
Mobile Health for Self-Management of Ageing
The Rise of Mobile Health (mHealth)
Mobile health (mHealth) is defined as the use of mobile wireless technologies to support the achievement of health objectives, especially for public health purposes.
It is a transformative approach to healthcare delivery that leverages smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices to provide health services and information.
It assists older adults in the prevention, early detection, and management of chronic diseases and long-term conditions.
The WHO promotes mHealth as a crucial tool for achieving healthy ageing, particularly through its mAgeing programme.
What is the WHO mAgeing Programme?
The WHO launched mAgeing as part of its global strategy to support older adults in maintaining their intrinsic capacity and functional ability.
This initiative aligns with the ICOPE framework and seeks to empower older adults through personalized, easily accessible, and actionable health tools.
Key Features of the mAgeing Programme
Evidence-Based Messaging: Provides users with science-backed tips on healthy ageing, focusing on areas like nutrition, physical activity, mental health, and chronic disease management.
Behavioural Support: Sends regular, motivational messages to help users adopt and maintain healthy behaviours.
Adaptability: Tailor the programme to fit the cultural, linguistic, and healthcare needs of different regions.
Accessibility in mHealth Applications To ensure inclusivity, mHealth apps are designed with older users in mind:
Large Fonts and Simple Navigation: Enhances readability and usability.
Voice Prompts and Audio Features: Assists users with visual impairments or low literacy.
Reminders and Notifications: Helps older adults remember medication schedules, appointments, and healthy habits.
Key Advantages of mHealth
Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for frequent in-person visits, saving time and money for users and healthcare systems.
Improved Adherence: Notifications encourage users to stick to their treatment plans and daily routines.
Increased Engagement: Features like gamification (e.g., tracking steps or earning badges for health achievements) keep users motivated and committed.
Case study: iHealth Screen App
The iHealth Screen App, developed under the Jockey Club CADENZA e-Tools for Elder Care project, is a pioneering mHealth initiative that aligns with the WHO mAgeing objectives. It was officially launched in August 2021 and upgraded to a new version in November 2024. This new version combines various functions such as self-health management, self-care education, and community resource map.
Empowerment Through mHealth
Self-health Assessment: Older adults can independently assess their health status using the apps.
12 free self-health screenings: These screening covers areas such as nutrition, cognition, mobility, mental health and frailty, enabling users to detect potential health risks early.
Integrated health reports: Personalized results are provided after each screening, along with actionable recommendations that guide users on the next steps in managing their health.
Self-care Education: Provides access to educational resources that help users manage functional declines.
Videos, Infographics, and Articles: These resources are tailored for older adults and caregivers, covering topics such as fall prevention, mental well-being, and proper medication use.
Community Resource: Enables older adults and caregivers can easily reach the resources in the community.
Search and GPS Navigation: Users can search for medical and community services based on health needs, resource types, and locations. The GPS feature helps users find service providers and navigate to them.
Bookmark and Share Resources: Users can bookmark relevant resources and share them with friends and family via social media, fostering social connections and improving access to local support service.
Impact of the Project
Over 23,000 Downloads: Demonstrating the app's growing popularity among users.
Improved Health Awareness and Access: Users report increased health awareness and better access to support services.
Enhanced Self-Management: Studies show that the app's integrated approach has strengthened self-management capabilities among older adults, reducing the burden on caregivers and healthcare providers.
Expanding the Role of mHealth with WHO mAgeing Principles
The iHealth Screen app incorporates WHO mAgeing principles, showcasing how mHealth solutions can align with global healthy ageing goals:
Behavioural Support and Motivation: Features like notification reminders for self-assessments, encouraging messages, and alerts about available community services help users maintain positive habits.
Tailored Health Messaging: The app's educational materials and alerts are culturally sensitive and localized to meet the unique healthcare needs of older adults in Hong Kong.
Integration with Social Prescription: Through the Community Resource Map, the app connects users to community activities, fitness programmes, and support networks, addressing their social and emotional well-being.
Strategies for Community Engagement
The proportion of individuals aged 65 and above using smartphones in Hong Kong increased significantly from 42.9% in 2016 to 90.7% in 2022 (Figure 3). While this progress highlights a positive trend in digital adoption among older adults, challenges remain. Over half of individuals aged 60 and above reported experiencing significant difficulties using smartphones (Figure 4). These challenges underscore the need for continued efforts to bridge the digital divide and ensure older adults can fully benefit from digital technologies.
(Research Office, Legislative Council Secretariat, 2023)
Figure 3 - Smartphone ownership for persons aged 65 and above, 2012-2022
Figure 4 - Use of smartphones by persons aged 60 and above(a)
To address these challenges, Jockey Club CADENZA e-Tools for Elder Care project implemented a dual-pronged approach to promote the wider adoption of iHealth Screen App:
Large-Scale Community Promotion Campaigns: Using exhibitions and media marketing to raise awareness and engage a broader audience.
Targeted Interactive Workshops: Collaborating with over 40 elderly centers, district health centers, and health service units to deliver hands-on workshops, educating more than 1,000 older adults and caregivers on app usage and health management.
You may watch the below videos and download it to learn more about the iHealth Screen App.
Reference
Mace, R. A., Mattos, M. K., & Vranceanu, A. M. (2022). Older adults can use technology: Why healthcare professionals must overcome ageism in digital health. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 12(12), 1102–1105. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibac070
Sabey, A., Seers, H., Chatterjee, H. J., & Polley, M. (2022). How can social prescribing support older people in poverty? A rapid scoping review of interventions.
Steinhubl, S. R., Muse, E. D., & Topol, E. J. (2015). The emerging field of mobile health. Science Translational Medicine, 7(283), 283rv283. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa348
Wong, M., Cheung, K., Law, N., & Woo, J. (2024). iHealth Screen: Empowering older adults and caregivers through mobile health screening. The Asian Conference on Aging & Gerontology 2024: Official Conference Proceedings, 93–109. https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2432-4183.2024.8
Wong, S., & Wang, W. (2019). Mobile health technologies and medical records. University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, 88(1), 49–51. https://doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v88i1.6188
Chapter 3 - Empowering Healthy Ageing:
Social Prescribing and Co-Design with Older People
Social prescribing and co-creation are powerful approaches for empowering healthy ageing by actively involving older people in decisions about their health and well-being. Social prescribing connects them to community resources, while co-creation engages them in designing health programs. Together, these approaches foster a sense of ownership, build social connections, and enhance the ability of older people to manage their health, leading to more personalized, holistic care and a better quality of life.
The Concept of Social Prescribing in Supporting Healthy Ageing
Definition: Social prescribing is a key element of universal personalised care, connecting individuals to community-based activities, groups, and services that address the practical, social, and emotional needs impacting their health and well-being.
Focus: It targets the underlying causes of health and well-being issues rather than just treating symptoms.
Goal: Social prescribing reduces reliance on traditional health services, such as medication and hospital visits, by addressing social determinants of health like loneliness, stress, inactivity, and poor nutrition, which affect intrinsic capacity.
How Social Prescribing Works?
Assessment: Identify physical, mental, and social needs through healthcare providers or digital platforms.
Referral: A link-worker connects the individual to community resources and helps set meaningful health and well-being goals.
• Examples:
Older adults with social isolation might be referred to local elderly centers offering group exercise or cultural activities.
Individuals with mild depression may be connected to art therapy or mindfulness workshops.
Caregivers under stress may join support groups or receive counselling services.
Follow-Up: Monitor progress via regular check-ins or digital tools.
Social prescription activities:
Community Resources
Social prescribing activity
Volunteering
Voluntary organisations; charity, voluntary or community group
Social support
Social clubs, social interaction; self-help group; emotional support and counselling and practical assistance in reaching local health, social; welfare rights services; addiction services; group for elderly, social club, religious group, or church organization
Artistic activities
Arts program activities, craft activities, crochet activities; interactive museum tours; musical interventions; programme the music and dance; choir, photography; arts, music, or singing group
Co-design is a participatory methodology that incorporates the ideas, experiences, and values of end users—older adults—into the development of services, programs, or interventions. This methodology recognizes older people as "experts of their experiences" (Visser et al., 2005), ensuring that solutions are tailored, meaningful, and impactful.
Why Co-Design? Engaging older adults early in the development process allows them to articulate their needs, preferences, and aspirations. This input is crucial for:
Contextual Relevance: Aligning healthcare services or interventions with the unique challenges and lifestyles of older populations.
Reducing Research Waste: Ensuring interventions address real-world user needs.
Fostering Empowerment: By involving older adults as experts of their own experiences, co-design builds confidence, independence, and satisfaction, enabling them to shape services that truly meet their needs.
Core Principles of Co-Design with Older Adults
Equal Partnerships: Co-design prioritizes equity between older adults and designers, ensuring their perspectives carry equal weight in decision-making. As experts of their experiences, older adults bring valuable insights into challenges and opportunities that might otherwise be overlooked.
Inclusivity: Diverse groups, including those with disabilities, low digital literacy, or social isolation, are involved to ensure solutions address a broad range of needs.
Iterative Feedback: Regular testing and refinement with older adults ensure solutions remain user-centered and effective.
Empathy-Driven Innovation: By deeply understanding the lived experiences of older adults, co-design fosters solutions that are meaningful and impactful.
Applications of Co-Design in Healthy Ageing
Digital Health Tools: Co-design has been instrumental in creating user-friendly mHealth apps with features like large fonts, simple navigation, and voice prompts.
Example: The development of the iHealth Screen App, where older adults contributed insights on usability and accessibility, resulting in a tool for self-health management.
Community Programmes and Social Prescribing Platforms: Co-design has driven localized programmes and platforms that connect older adults to community-based activities, such as exercise classes, social clubs, and cultural events. These initiatives reflect the preferences, cultural practices, and needs of older adults.
Benefits of Co-Design in Healthy Ageing
Improved Adoption and Usability Services and programmes developed through co-design are more likely to be embraced by the target population because they reflect the real-world needs, preferences, and priorities of older adults. This enhances usability, promotes sustained engagement, and increases the likelihood of long-term success.
Enhanced Health Outcomes and Well-Being Tailored interventions developed through co-design effectively address physical, mental, and social health barriers, such as low digital literacy or cultural differences, resulting in improved overall well-being.
Empowerment, Independence, and Knowledge Sharing By involving older adults in the design process, co-design fosters a sense of ownership and confidence, in older adults, empowering them to manage their health independently. The collaborative process also facilitates mutual learning, where older adults share life experiences, and designers offer technical expertise.
Stronger Community Connections The collaborative nature of co-design brings people together, creating a sense of belonging and shared purpose. It fosters connections among participants, designers, and community members, reducing isolation and enhancing social engagement.
Innovative, Practical, and Sustainable Solutions By leveraging the lived experiences of older adults, co-design ensures solutions are both practical and innovative, addressing gaps younger designers that unfamiliar with the challenges of ageing may overlook.
Co-Design in Action: The "Nutcrackers" Initiative
The "Nutcrackers" project, led by the CUHK Institute of Ageing, highlights how co-design empowers older adults to take an active role in shaping community health and age-friendly environments. By moving beyond the role of end-users, participants contribute as co-designers, public space assessors, and project advisors, collaborating with experts in social work, healthcare, housing, and engineering.
Opportunities for Participation Participants in the Nutcrackers initiative engage in various roles, including:
Co-Design Workshops: Collaborating on the design and improvement of services and spaces.
Public Space Assessments: Evaluating the accessibility and age-friendliness of community spaces.
Research Feedback: Providing insights to refine research projects.
Advocacy: Acting as content creators and ambassadors for age-friendly cities.
Knowledge Transfer The initiative fosters a two-way knowledge exchange:
From Professionals to Participants: Experts educate older adults on the connection between health, the built environment, and lifestyle.
From Participants to Professionals: Older adults provide valuable feedback and lived experience, refining designs and services for practicality and relevance.
Impact The Nutcrackers initiative bridges the gap between professional expertise and user needs by:
Promoting Healthy Ageing: Creating innovative, practical solutions that enhance well-being.
Fostering Collaboration: Leveraging the lived experiences of older adults to co-create meaningful change.
Improving Community Environments: Advocating for and implementing age-friendly urban designs.
For more information about Nutcracker, please click here.
Further reading:
National Academy for Social Prescribing. (2023). A guide to co-designing social prescribing initiatives with older people. Retrieved from https://socialprescribingacademy.org.uk/resources/a-guide-to-co-designing-social-prescribing-initiatives-with-older-people/ (Here is a guide to co-design social prescribing initiatives with older people developed by National Academy for Social Prescribing in UK. It contains tips to co-designing social prescribing initiatives. The tips how to find and engage older people in co-design and a practical coaching tool for effective co-design.)
Reference
Fischer, G., et al. (2021). Co-design as mutual learning: Insights from participatory design with older adults. Design Studies, 74, 101030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2021.101030
Sadio, R., Henriques, A., Nogueira, P., & Costa, A. (2024). Social prescription for the elderly: A community-based scoping review. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 25, e46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423624000410
Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., & Bragge, P. (2020). Research co-design in health: An overview of methods, facilitators, and challenges. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 25(4), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1355819620950538
Taffe, S., Lewis, A., & Tonkin, A. (2018). Older adults as co-designers of technology solutions: Towards inclusivity and empowerment. CoDesign: International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts, 14(1), 19–34.
Visser, F. S., Stappers, P. J., van der Lugt, R., & Sanders, E. B.-N. (2005). Context mapping: Experiences from practice. CoDesign: International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts, 1(2), 119–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710880500135987
The videos in this course provide information for educational purposes only. The videos do not provide medical recommendations or diagnoses and are not substitutes for medical advice. It is crucial that you talk with your healthcare providers to discuss any questions you may have and seek them for medical advice, before you make any medical decisions. We will not be responsible for any decisions you will make or consequences you will have based on the information provided.
None of The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, their respective affiliates or any other person involved in or related to the compilation of the contents herein (collectively, "the HKJC Parties") makes any express or implied warranties or representations with respect to the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of the contents or as to the results that may be obtained by the use thereof. In no event shall any HKJC Party have any liability of any kind to any person or entity arising from or related to any actions taken or not taken as a result of any of the contents herein.
